What Is the Difference Between Family Courts in Baja California
Baja California
Pronunciation: BAH-hah kah-lee-FOHR-nee-ah.
Origin of state proper noun: The proper noun "California" comes from a 16th-century Spanish novel. California was an island shut to paradise. Baja comes from the Spanish word for lower. (The United states of america state of California was once known as Alta California, with Alta pregnant higher.)
Capital: Mexicali.
Entered country: 1952.
Coat of Arms: The emblem represents the by, the present, and the future of the state. The upper role depicts the Sun, symbol of light, the main element of nature and an inexhaustible source of energy, heat, and life. On each side, two human figures, with hands joined in the middle, project a beam of light, symbol of energy. The man is holding a book, representing civilisation. The woman is belongings items representing intellectual activities and science. The central silhouette represents the missionaries who came to the region during the conquest and evangelized the indigenous population. The planted field in the upper left corner represents the agriculture of the nowadays. On the horizon, a mountain range suggests the possibilities of mining. The silhouette of a factory and a cog (gear tooth) correspond industry and the future. In the middle is the desert, and on the bottom is the Colorado River, which flows to the sea. Two waves on either side symbolize the western and eastern coasts.
Holidays: Año Nuevo (New year'due south Day—January 1); Día de la Constitución (Constitution Day—February 5); Benito Juárez's birthday (March 21); Primero de Mayo (Labor Day—May one); Revolution Day, 1910 (Nov 20); and Navidad (Christmas—December 25).
Flag: There is no official state flag.
Time: iv AM = Greenwich Mean Fourth dimension (GMT).
1 Location and Size
Baja California lies on the Baja California peninsula, a long finger of land in western Mexico extending due south from the U.s.a. state of California. The land of Baja California covers the northern part of the peninsula and has an area of 71,576 square kilometers (27,635 square miles). It is slightly larger in area than the Usa country of West Virginia. Its north-s length is like to the country of Florida. Baja California is bordered on the north by California, on the westward by the Pacific Ocean, on the east by the Golfo de California and the Colorado River, and on the s by Baja California Sur. Baja California is divided into five municipalities. The capital, Mexicali, is
© Robert Frerck/Woodfin Camp
Due south of Loreto, the Sierra de la Giganta.
located in the north on the border with California.
The peninsula is covered with mountains (sierras), with broad valleys lying betwixt the mountain peaks. The larger cities and towns, including Mexicali, Las Palmas, Tijuana , Guadalupe, and Existent de Castillo, lie in valleys.
Water runs down the slopes of the mountain ranges into the Pacific Ocean and the Bounding main of Cortés, which is part of the Golfo de California. Due to its geological formation and to long-lasting droughts, the land of Baja California has no large rivers. Springs are scarce and offering footling water.
There are 35 islands, nigh of them lying in the Golfo de California. A few islands lie close to the west coast. Guadalupe Island lies 94 kilometers (150 miles) w of Baja California in the Pacific Ocean.
2 Climate
The climate is dry, with annual rainfall averaging 30 to 60 centimeters (12 to 24 inches). Fog and winter rains are typical in the coastal area around Tijuana nearly the border with the United States. In the northeast and the south, the climate has wide temperature differences betwixt the hot days and the very cold nights. The center of the land is libation, with cold
© Robert Frerck/Woodfin Army camp
Cabo San Lucas harbor and marina.
winters (when most of the rain falls) and cool summers.
3 Plants and Animals
Tourists enjoy watching gray whales give birth in the protected waters forth the coast. Many species of ducks and other marine birds find habitat in the coastal areas.
In the mountains, there are coyotes, white-tailed deer, puma, lynx, wild sheep, and many species of snakes. Species of eagles and red-tailed hawk soar above the mountain peaks.
Plants of the state may exist categorized by their environments: table salt marshes; coastal dunes; chaparral scrub; and forest, which is establish in the mountains. Of a total of 450 important plant species in United mexican states, 211 (47%) are found in Baja California. Jojoba and palmilla (also called soaptree yucca) are both widespread because they tolerate dry growing conditions. Jojoba seeds have many commercial uses, such every bit in lubricants, cosmetics, and medicines. The mountainous regions accept tall plants and pino forests. Coastal areas accept various depression-growing shrubs and cactus.
iv Environmental Protection
The authorities is concerned about improving air and water quality. Management of chancy waste material is too a concern. Water quality is a detail concern in the Colorado River basin, where untreated sewage and power plant waste are a problem.
5 Population, Ethnic Groups, Languages
Baja California had a full population of 2,487,367 in 2000; of the total, 1,252,581 (just over fifty%) were men and 1,234,786 (just under l%) were women. The population density was 35 people per square kilometer (91 people per foursquare mile). In 2000, the capital of Mexicali had 764,902 residents. As of 2000, most all residents speak Spanish every bit their start language; virtually 2% of the citizens of Baja California speak one of the Amerindian languages.
Since the 1980s, hundreds of 1000 of people have migrated from the states of southern Mexico to detect work in Baja California. Many hope to somewhen cantankerous the border into the United States.
half dozen Religions
According to the 2000 census, 66% of the population, or 1.6 million people, were Roman Catholic; 6%, or 158,874 people, were Protestant. That twelvemonth there were also 6,653 7th-Day Adventists, half-dozen,334 Mormons, 41,472 Jehovah'south Witnesses, and virtually 155,000 people who reported no religion.
seven Transportation
Baja California has almost xi,000 kilometers (7,000 miles) of roadways. Four-lane highways connecting the 4 main cities make upwardly only over 500 kilometers (200 miles).
Four international airports—Tijuana, Mexicali, San Felipe, and Enseñada—provide commercial air service.
8 History
Before the kickoff Spaniards reached the region in 1533, different groups of hunters and gatherers occupied Baja California. The Yumano and Cucapás civilizations reached a considerable level of religious and artistic development prior to 1533.
Spaniard Hernán Cortés (1485–1547) led two expeditions to Baja California in 1535 and 1536. He wanted to conquer what he believed was an island. In 1602, Sebastián Vizcaíno (c. 1550–1616) led an expedition that renamed the quondam Santa Cruz port with its modern name, La Paz. Although in that location were some efforts to establish a Spanish colony in the 1600s, the kickoff permanent nonindigenous settlement was a Jesuit (an order of the Roman Catholic Church) mission created in 1697.
Jesuit priests introduced new crops and helped the natives with agricultural techniques. The Spaniards enslaved the native people and brought diseases from dwelling house. These 2 factors combined to decimate (greatly reduce) the native population throughout the 1700s.
The Jesuits were expelled from Mexico in 1767 by a decree issued past the Spanish crown. This immune Franciscan monks (from another order of the Roman Catholic Church) the liberty to move in to populate Baja California. Together with Alta California (now the United states of america state of California), Baja California was fabricated a Spanish province in the mid-1700s. It then officially merged with Alta California to create a territory of the Spanish viceroyalty (territory ruled by Espana) of United mexican states.
© Robert Frerck/Woodfin Camp
Carnival the calendar week before the Christian vacation, Ash Wednesday, in Ensenada.
In 1804, Baja and Alta California were divided over again into two separate provinces. Because of their physical isolation, the people living in Baja California did non join in the drive for independence in 1810. Governor Fernando de la Toba declared Baja California'southward independence in 1822. A constitution was created in 1824. Baja California and Alta California were once over again merged into a Mexican province, with San Diego as its capital and José María de Echandía as governor.
In 1829, the provincial capital was moved to La Paz, which is the modern-twenty-four hour period majuscule of the state of Baja California Sur.
During the Mexican-American State of war (1846–48), Baja California was disputed territory. Mexican patriots fought against US soldiers. In the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, United mexican states ceded Alta California to the United states, and information technology became the state of California. Mexico kept Baja California. Conflicts over command of Baja California persisted. American pirate William Walker attacked Baja California in 1853 and occupied La Paz and Cabo San Lucas. He declared independence and claimed to be president of the new republic. He was later expelled and deported to the United States.
From 1876 to 1910, Baja California witnessed widespread persecution of native indigenous groups. Lands of the native people were taken by the government for agronomical utilize in the proper name of Mexican progress and evolution. The International Visitor of Mexico, a Connecticut-based corporation, was granted most half of the territory for dissimilar economic initiatives starting in 1886.
The Mexican Revolution took place from 1910 to 1920. Revolution sympathizers attacked Mexicali in 1911. Political instability in the rest of Mexico led many on both sides of the California border to push for the annexation of Baja California to the United states. Some activists in the United States promoted a movement for Baja California to secede (break away) from United mexican states. Opposition from Mexican patriots who wanted to keep Baja California equally part of Mexico prevented this from happening.
After the Mexican Revolution, a new constitution established the land of United mexican states, merely the government was not stable. The new Mexican authorities took control of Baja California and discouraged the idea that Baja California join the United States. Baja California was a territory of Mexico for the side by side 35 years.
Baja California was restructured into the Baja California Norte (North) and Baja California Sur (South) territories in 1952. The key Mexican government appointed governors in Baja California Norte and Baja California Sur, solidifying the partitioning of the peninsula into two unlike provinces.
In 1952, Baja California became Mexico's 29th state, while Baja California Sur remained a territory. Braulio Maldonado Sandez , a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), became the starting time state governor nether the new constitution.
ix State and Local Government
Baja California became Mexico'southward 29th country officially on December 31, 1952. Its constitution was accepted in 1953. Braulio Maldonado Sandez, a member of the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), became the first state governor under the new constitution. In 2001, Eugenio Elorduy Walther of the National Action Party (PAN) won the ballot to become the 12th governor. His vi-twelvemonth nonrenewable term volition expire in 2008. A unicameral (single bedroom) legislature is comprised of a 25-fellow member Sleeping accommodation of Deputies. The deputies are elected for a nonrenewable 3-yr term. Sixteen of the deputies are elected from unmarried-fellow member districts and 9 are elected at large.
The governments of Baja California'southward 5 municipalities enjoy limited autonomy (self-government). The municipal president is elected to a nonrenewable three-year term. The president governs with a local municipal council. The land legislature has the power to intervene in municipal regime under certain circumstances. Past decision-making upkeep allotment, the country government exerts immense influence over local authorities.
10 Political Parties
The iii main political parties in all of United mexican states are the Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI), the National Action Party (PAN), and the Party of the Democratic Revolution (PRD). As in the rest of Mexico, the PRI was the most powerful and influential party in Baja California until the late 1980s, controlling the land and near municipal governments. In 1989, PAN leader Ernesto Ruffo became the kickoff non-PRI state governor. In 1995, Hector Terán won the state for the PAN over again . Eugenio Elorduy Walther obtained a third consecutive PAN victory in 2001.
11 Judicial System
The Supreme Tribunal of Justice is comprised of 13 justices elected for nonrenewable vi-twelvemonth terms. The Supreme Tribunal president is elected by the 13 justices for a nonrenewable two-year term. Justices are appointed by a ii-thirds majority in the legislature from amid a listing of nominees presented by the Supreme Tribunal. Simply qualified lawyers can be appointed to the Supreme Tribunal. In addition, in that location is a tribunal of electoral justice comprised of three members elected for 3-year terms. Local tribunals consummate the state judicial arrangement.
12 Economic system
Agronomics, maquiladora (manufacturing assembly plants), tourism, and mining are important parts of the economy. Baja California has 6 highway border crossing points into the United states of america state of California. In 2000, approximately 180,000 cars crossed the border each day. The busiest border crossing is between Tijuana, Baja California, and San Ysidro, California. Virtually fifty,000 cars cantankerous the edge there each twenty-four hour period, with 25,000 people crossing on human foot. The Port of Enseñada is located on the Pacific Ocean and provides services for international trade.
13 Industry
Baja California has many industrial parks. In Tijuana and Mexicali, there are dozens of industrial parks devoted to car parts and electronics manufacturing.
14 Labor
The United States Bureau of Labor Statistics reported that Mexican workers saw their wages increase 17%, from $2.09 per hour in 1999 to $2.46 per hour in 2000. (Past comparing, the boilerplate American worker earned $nineteen.86 per 60 minutes in 2000.) After one year, workers are entitled past law to six days paid vacation.
Amerindian migrant agricultural workers, primarily of Mixtec and Zapotec descent, have been discriminated confronting throughout the state'south history. As of 2004, migrant workers were attempting to organize, through the Independent Confederation of Farm Workers and Peasants (CIOAC), to demand better treatment by their employers and the regime.
15 Agronomics
Agronomics is of import to the state economic system. Most agriculture is done in the region around Mexicali. The principal products are wheat, tomato plant, broccoli, alfalfa, cotton wool, sorghum, and garlic. Other crops include grapes, dates, carob, lemons, and oranges. Agronomical crops grown for consign to the United States, Canada, Europe, and Asia are chives, radishes, asparagus, melons, celery, lettuce, onions, and watermelon.
xvi Natural Resources
Angling in the littoral waters off Baja California is an important economic action. Master fish caught include sole, tuna, sardines, mackerel, and lobster. The extraction of salt from body of water saltwater is
© Mireille Vautier/Woodfin Camp
Tijuana lies on the border with the US state of California.
another of import activeness. Sport fishing is enjoyed by tourists year round.
17 Energy and Power
Electricity is generated by 10 ability plants, with a total capacity of 2,285 megawatts. Four of these are geothermal (using rut from the earth'due south interior), representing 720 megawatts. Baja California generates plenty electricity to satisfy the state's needs and to export energy to neighboring Sonora and to the United States.
Mexicali has natural gas resources; as of 2004 a pipeline between Mexicali and Tijuana with the capacity to carry 14 million cubic meters (500 million cubic anxiety) of natural gas per day was under construction.
xviii Wellness
The state of Baja California has 20 general hospitals, 220 outpatient centers, and 67 surgical centers.
Most of the Mexican population is covered under a government health programme. The IMSS (Instituto Mexicano de Seguro Social) covers the general population. The ISSSTE (Instituto de Seguridad y Servicios Sociales de Trabajadores del Estado) covers state workers.
© Mireille Vautier/Woodfin Camp
The Tijuana Cultural Center.
19 Housing
In 2000, there are an average of four.2 people per household. About 95% of the houses in the country accept electricity, 77% have sewer connections, and 87% have running water. Some 73% of the houses are owner-occupied, and 27% are occupied by renters.
The influx of hundreds of thousands of people who have moved from the southern states of United mexican states due north toward the Usa border has produced a astringent shortage of land and housing.
20 Education
President Benito Juárez (1806–1872) launched the system of public education in 1867. Public education in Mexico is free for students ages half dozen to 16, but most who can afford it go to individual schools. This has created a gap in instruction between the social classes. The population of school-age children (3–19) was 452,173 in 2000.
Students may enroll in Universidad Autónoma de Aguascalientes (Autonomous Academy of Aguascalientes) or the Instituto Tecnológico de Aguascalientes (Technical Institute of Aguascalientes).
21 Arts
The country of Baja California sponsors many dance groups including the Balleto Folklórico de Ticuan, a jazz ensemble (Dat'Z Jazz), Groupo Almalafa, and Groupo Mal Paso. Baja California likewise has a professional orchestra. The urban center of Enseñada is home to the Galería de Perez Meillon, which showcases native crafts such as the traditional willow baskets of the Pai-Pai Indians.
22 Libraries and Museums
There are 44 branches of the national library in the state of Baja California.
Amid the 20 museums of Baja California are several history museums in Enseñada and a wax museum and a pre-Columbian museum in Tijuana.
23 Media
The capital urban center, Mexicali, has two papers: La Crónica de Baja California and La Voz de la Frontera. Tijuana has three papers: El Sol de Tijuana, La Frontera, and Zeta.
24 Tourism, Travel, and Recreation
Outdoor h2o sports such as deep sea angling, scuba diving, and snorkeling provide vacationers with reasons to visit Baja California. Rosarito Beach, Enseñada, and Mexicali are easy access points from San Diego, California. At that place is tourist shopping in the border town of Tijuana.
The land upper-case letter of Mexicali offers many tourist attractions. The Plaza Calafia offers tourists a expect at real bullfighting. The city park has a zoo and local market. In October, Mexicali hosts its almanac fair, the Fiesta del Sol. There are beautiful beaches at San Felipe on the Sea of Cortés.
© Mireille Vautier/Woodfin Camp
Mod building in Tijuana.
25 Sports
Mexicali's baseball game team, the Aguilas, plays in the Nido Aguilas (Eagle's Nest) Mexicali stadium, seating 12,000 people. Los Mochis'south baseball team, the Cañeros, plays in the Emilio Ibarra Almada stadium property 15,000 people.
Major bullfighting venues include the Plaza de Toros in Tijuana, with seating for 21,621. It is part of the big complex, Playas Tijuana, which also has a racetrack. Mexicali'south bullfighting ring, Plaza Calafia, seats 10,000.
Tijuana's soccer squad plays in the National de Tijuana stadium, where there is seating for 12,000. Tijuana'southward basketball team, the Tazmania Diablos, plays in the Fausto Gutierrez Moreno stadium, where there is seating for 4,500.
26 Famous People
Fernando de la Toba declared independence in Baja California. Braulio Maldonado Sandez (1903–1990), a member of the PRI (Institutional Revolutionary Party), became the first land governor. Missionary Eusebio Kino (1645–1711) attempted to plant a mission programme in Baja California in the 1670s.
27 Bibliography
Books
Supples, Kevin. United mexican states. Washington, DC: National Geographic Society, 2002.
Williams, Jack, The Magnificent Peninsula: The Comprehensive Guidebook to Mexico'south Baja California. Redding, CA: H. J. Williams, 2001.
Spider web Sites
Regime of Baja California, English-language version. http://www.bajacalifornia.gob.mx/english/home.htm (accessed on June 11, 2004).
United mexican states for Kids. http://world wide web.elbalero.gob.mx/index_kids.html (accessed on June 11, 2004).
Source: https://www.nationsencyclopedia.com/mexico/Aguascalientes-M-xico/Baja-California.html
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